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------------------------- Peace Science Primer (PSP) Covers: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1264 Dedications Gallery: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1265 Chapter 1: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1266 Chapter 2: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1268 Chapter 3: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1272 Chapter 4: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1273 Chapter 5: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1274 ------------------------ Chapter 6 Gandhian Varnas/Spherons: The Perpetual Actors of the Humanity Perpetual Peace Publication: In English: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1275 In Russian: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=1127 Varnas [spherons] is not … a human invention, but an immutable law of nature - … like Newton's law of gravitation… All varnas are equal… [It is] the law of life universally governing the human family… The world may ignore it today but it will have to accept it in the time to come. Mahatma Gandhi The measure of intelligence is the ability [and scale] to change. Albert Einstein The key place in the Peace Science (PS) is occupied by the "spherons" concept derived from Mahatma Gandhi's "varnas", which expresses the fundamental social structure of the ancient Indian civilization almost five thousand years ago, which ensured its flourishing and world cultural leadership for almost a millennium. This is the "Vedic civilization" era of India, created by seven great, "divine" Indian sages "rishis" of mythological thinking, on the dating and essence of which there is no consensus in the disciplinary sciences, due to their inability, like the blind men near elephant, to consider large-scale historical phenomena as a whole. Therefore, we will not delve into it and touch upon it. Let us only note that the concept of ancient Indian varnas in Gandhi's interpretation as perpetual universal spherons-actors of perpetual peace, social production and universal human history has gone through three stages. They are: Gandhian since 1927, Russian since 1970 and international in GGHA since 2005, which is reflected on the corresponding page of its history (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=983). In this paragraph, we will limit ourselves only to the qualification of Gandhian spheral thinking and its key concept of "varnas", expressing the subjects/actors of ancient prosperous India. Since Gandhian "varnas", a long and painful conceptualization of the holistic spheral thinking of perpetual peace and humanity nonviolence began, including the assassination of Gandhi. In PS, this concept is transformed into its central systemic category of "spherons", from which the conscious, scientific stage of conceptualization of spheral thinking begins, presented in a synoptic format in our Primer. 1. Gandhian holistic, spheral thinking of nonviolence and peace The genius of Mahatma Gandhi, not yet fully realized by humanity, is that he was the first in history to practice intuitively the varnas spheral thinking of nonviolence as perpetual peace of the humanity social nature, which I. Kant first began to speak about, but whose name and ideas, it seems, remained unknown to Gandhi. Gandhi identified the humanity perpetual peace with the perpetual peace of its perpetual varnas just as Kant identified the humanity perpetual peace with its social nature. Both brilliant intuitive identifications as a whole constitute the spheral thinking core that crystallizes in the centuries of new time. Gandhi was the first, on an intuitive level, to define the four-spheral, eternal structure of the humanity social nature as the foundation and source of its eternal peace/nonviolence. This structure is fully integrated into our Peace Science with the exception of a few terminological corrections, and is fundamentally grounded in it. Each of the four spheres of humanity: social, economic, political and religious (informational) is revealed from this perspective in his book "My Religion". This makes Mahatma Gandhi the first thinker on Earth who began spheral, holistic thinking of the humanity social nature, just as Pythagoras began spheral, holistic thinking of our planet physical nature that disciplinary thinking is unable to understand and recognize it. The intuitive beginning of Gandhi's spheral thinking, not yet accessible to humanity in its dominant disciplinary thinking, suppressing all sprouts of spheral innovations, is clearly expressed by him at the beginning of the seventh section of this book (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/29spheres_of_life.php). «The whole gamut of man's activities today constitutes an indivisible whole. You cannot divide social, economic, political and purely religious work into watertight compartments. I do not know any religion apart from human activity. It provides a moral basis to all other activities which they would otherwise lack, reducing life to a maze of sound and fury signifying nothing'. We have to make truth and non-violence, not matters for mere individual practice but for practice by groups and communities and nations. That at any rate is my dream. I shall live and die in trying to realize it. My faith helps me to discover new truths every day. Ahimsa [nonviolence, peace] is the attribute of the soul, and therefore, to be practised by everybody in all the affairs [spheres] of life. If it cannot be practised in all departments, it has no practical value.» (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/29spheres_of_life.php) Nonviolence and peace for Gandhi are the inseparable property and necessity of each sphere, therefore they constitute the property and necessity of all humanity as a whole. Another integral necessity and property of humanity is the fundamental, from nature and God, equality of the spheres and all people, varnas employed in them. «30. In the Social Sphere. All Men Are Equal. In my opinion, there is no such thing as inherited or acquired superiority. I believe in the rock-bottom doctrine of advaita (non-duality or oneness) and my interpretation of advaita excludes totally any idea of superiority at any stage whatsoever. I believe implicitly that all men are born equal. All whether born in India or in England or America or in any circumstances whatsoever have the same soul as any other. And it is because I believe in this inherent equality of all men that I fight the doctrine of superiority which many of our rulers arrogate to themselves. I have fought this doctrine of superiority in South Africa inch by inch, and it is because of that inherent belief, that I delight in calling myself a scavenger, a spinner, a weaver, a farmer and a laborer. And I have fought against the Brahmans themselves wherever they have claimed any superiority for themselves either by reason of their birth, or by reason of their subsequently acquired knowledge. I consider that it is unmanly for any person to claim superiority over a fellow-being. He who claims superiority at once forfeits his claim to be called a man. That is my opinion.» (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/30social_sphere.php)ю The equally necessary and sufficient social spheres of Gandhi's intuitive spheral thinking are explicated and find conscious scientific expression in the adequate terminological language of the PS spheral thinking. Its language provides a modern, scientific interpretation of Gandhi's varnas as the only structural spherons-actors of his nonviolence and perpetual peace in all the humanity history. 2. Gandhian Definitions of Varnas and Their Generalization in the Category of Spherons Mahatma Gandhi first started writing about varnas in the articles of his newspaper Young India since 1927, which were collected and published in his book “My Religion”, 1955, in many of its sections, but most of all in Chapter 36 (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/36varna_caste.php). It is almost completely copied in our book “Gandhica”, 2019 and thoroughly analyzed therein (https://peacefromharmony.org/docs/gandhi-nonviolence-of-spherons-gandhica-2019.pdf). Therefore, we will limit ourselves in this paragraph to the most important conclusions from these sources. Gandhi defines the following key attributes of Varnas. 1. Firstly, varnas are categorically not castes of India, although socially unequal castes have arisen from socially equal varnas, as a result of their historical corruption by social inequality. This turning transformed the prosperous India of the varnas into the most backward country of wild, unequal castes, which Gandhi expresses this objective truth unambiguously. He writes: «Varna has nothing to do with caste. Down with the monster of caste that masquerades in the guise of varna. It is this [caste] travesty of varna that has degraded Hinduism and India. Our failure to follow the law of varna is largely responsible both for our economic and spiritual ruin. It is one cause of unemployment and impoverishment, and it is responsible for untouchability and defections from our faith. Today varna means gradation of high and low. It is a hideous travesty of the original. We have distorted it today and have made ourselves the laughing-stock of the world. Therefore, when people in disregard of the [varnas] law it leads to confusion of varna and ultimate disruption of society. Today, nations are living in ignorance and breach of that law and they are suffering for it…If we Hindus sincerely reject the [caste] division into higher and lower, then we will heal from mutual envy and mistrust of other communities and at the same time heal them.» (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/36varna_caste.php) This truth has been constantly, for almost 100 years, rejected and distorted by modern disciplinary science in favor of modern inequality and militarism, which in almost all encyclopedias identifies varnas with castes in order to distort and discredit the harmonious reality of the ancient varnas and, along with them, the name of Gandhi. This is a gross lie and deliberate falsification, which we do not dwell on, because it is refuted by our PSP entire content. Not a single disciplinary (“blind”, narrow) scientist is capable of a spheral generalization of varnas, because for him spheral thinking does not exist, he does not know it, and if someone speaks about it, he will reject it as a chimera. 2. Secondly, according to Gandhi, varnas are not a temporary or subjective invention of people, but a fundamental, eternal, “Newtonian” law of the society prosperity, the highest advantage of which lies in the social equality of varnas, in the absence of their division into “higher and lower”. This division turns varnas into their opposite, into castes that humiliate society and degrade it, ensuring its fall. Gandhi writes: “Varna is not … a human invention, but an immutable law of nature… like Newton's law of gravitation. Just as the law of gravitation existed even before it was discovered so did the law of varna. It was given to the Hindus to discover that law… All varnas are equal, for the community depends no less on one than on another. Today varna means gradation of high and low. It is a hideous travesty of the original. The law of varna was discovered by our ancestors by stern austerities. They sought to live up to the law to the best of their capacity. We have distorted it today and have made ourselves the laughing-stock of the world. Though the law of varna is a special discovery of some Hindu seer, it has universal application… Fulfillment of the law would make life livable, would spread peace and content, end all clashes and conflicts, put an end to starvation and pauperization, solve the problem of population and even end disease and suffering.” (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/36varna_caste.php) 3. Thirdly, according to Gandhi, the law of the four varnas, employed in the four spheres of social production, is the law not only of ancient India, but of all humanity, to the understanding of which it will certainly come sooner or later. The Peace Science proves this at the beginning of our century. It recognizes the varnas of India, but in their common human existence calls them by the adequate name of "spherons" (employed in the spheres), which in it denotes the eternal, fundamental actors of perpetual peace and the humanity eternal social production in any of its transient historical states in their entire spectrum from prosperity to collapse and fall. «The Rishis [Vedic sages of ancient India about 4-5 thousand years ago] after incessant experiment and research arrived at this fourfold division, that of teaching, of defending, of wealth-producing, and of manual service… Nonviolence [peace of the varnas] is the greatest force at the disposal of humanity. It is mightier than the mightiest [nuclear] weapon of destruction. It is it is always heroism not the domain of cowardice. Nonviolence [peace] is the law of our life…Varna thus conceived is no man-made institution but the law of life universally governing the human family… Though the law of varna is a special discovery of some Hindu seer, it has universal application…The world may ignore it today but it will have to accept it in the time to come. It ordains that everyone shall fulfill the law of one's being by doing in a spirit of duty and service that to which one is born.” (https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/36varna_caste.php) Thus, Gandhi's planetary generalization and scaling of the ancient India four varnas, understood by him as the eternal reality of eternal actors of nonviolence and peace of humanity in its four spheres, requires an adequate category in meaning, expressing this scale of Gandhi's generalization. The spheral thinking category of similar level of scaling and generalization is the category of "spherons", which constitutes the core of both spheral thinking and its Peace Science presented in its Primer synoptic format and in this chapter. The relationship between these concepts is that varnas are the spherons of ancient India, with their Indian name, and spherons are the varnas of humanity as a whole with their scientific name, which is common to all. Gandhi did not introduce a new concept of "spherons" for them; it was introduced by PS, spheronics, at the next stage. The central place and role of spherons in the spheral thinking of the perpetual peace science made it possible to name this science with an adequate linguistic term "Spheronics". Therefore, the terms: Perpetual Peace Science, Peace Science and Spheronics are synonymous. Let us add that the existence of civilizations similar to the "varnas/spherons civilization" of India cannot be ruled out in ancient history. The existence of a similar, nonviolent civilization that established complete equality and partnership between men and women, possible on social equality similar to the equality of the "varna/spherons" of India, is indicated by anthropological and archaeological studies of the ancient Crete so-called "Minoan civilization" by Riana Eisler and her colleagues (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=932). The Minoan culture lived for more than a thousand years without wars, fortifications and weapons. The disciplinary, confrontational humanity has studied in detail almost all of its wars, presenting its history as exclusively militaristic, but ignored the study of rare, peace-loving civilizations, essentially erasing their reality from history. The schools teach many historical wars, but know virtually nothing about cultures of peace and nonviolence, such as the Varna/Spheron civilizations of ancient India and the Minoan civilization of Crete etc. This neglect will be overcome in the spherons innovative, nonmilitaristic history, which begins since the of spheronics launch as its planetary scientific methodology, unified and holistic for humanity without immanent disciplinary confrontations. The formation of the "spherons" macrosociological category has gone through several stages. It began with the spherons idea as "spheral classes" employed in four spheres of social production, which arose in L. Semashko in 1975 (httpshttps://peacefromharmony.org/docs/leo-semashko-spheral-approach-1993.pdf). The introduction, explanation, empirical substantiation and systematic use of the "spherons" new scientific, macrosociological category to designate four population clusters employed in four spheres of social production were presented by him in the GGHA fundamental book "Global Peace Science…", 2016, in its first three chapters on almost 150 pages (https://peacefromharmony.org/docs/global-peace-science-2016.pdf). 3. Attributive qualifications of spherons in the peace science spheral thinking General definition. The spherons are an invariant and end-to-end social structure of the population of any historical societies in four equal, but spontaneous, equally necessary and sufficient clusters/spheres of people, differing in employment in one of the four spheres of social production, whose self-awareness begins with the emergence of their category and the development of their "Peace Science" on its basis. The list and explanation of about 20 fundamental attributes of spherons are disclosed in many publications of the GGHA for 20 years and earlier. They are presented in the bibliography, the main ones of which are named above, these are the “Global Peace Science” and “Gandhica”. Here we will limit ourselves to a simple list of the key ones, all of which, by their holistic nature and for the SP and for the perpetual peace, have the best social characteristics that provide superiority over all partial social attributes of the DT. The superiority of some of them is revealed in the following chapters, especially the superiority of spheral AI as a cross-cutting digital planetary tool of new, spheral thinking and its Peace Science. List of the main attributes of spherons as the actors of the SP and perpetual peace: - natural origin in social nature based on other planetary natures; (we can say, paraphrasing: "God created spherons, everything else in human society is a product of their natural social creativity": - universality, coverage of the entire population, all people from birth to death; the main difference is in employment in the SP spheres; - single, social structure at all levels of social nature from an individual to the humanity planetary noosphere, preserved as a social genome in all social changes; - social equality, including equality of women and men in power; - tetradic, spherical set of ultimate living spaces of individuals; - existential social harmony and nonviolence in complete inseparability and equal necessary dependence on each other as good partners and members of one, friendly family; - natural, perpetual peace of humanity, at the conscious, scientific level of the "spherons for themselves" exclude and prevent all wars, violence, militarism, armed conflicts, any mental confrontation and social disharmony; - the highest possible efficiency and productivity of labor in all spheres of the SP, its accelerated growth, which was spontaneously and intuitively demonstrated by the "Chinese economic miracle" example of Deng Xiaoping for more than 30 years. Ezra Vogel (2013) and Sergey Glazyev (2023) analyzed this. The GGHA analysis (2024) reveals that only from the position of the spherons and their HST can its deep mystery be solved in order to repeat it that no one has yet succeeded in doing (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=1074, in Chinese: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ch_c&key=8); - the best, superior to all others, end-to-end fractal organization of the SP and its governance at the conscious, scientific level of the "spherons for themselves"; - the spherons holistic, spheral surplus value entiretyand its fair, harmonious distribution between them and all their partons; - peaceful, harmonious democracy and a political system of conscious "spherons for themselves", excluding any party confrontation, militarism and dominance; - constitutional guarantee of full, 100%, spheral democracy with the inclusion and consideration of the children (~20-25% of population) interests through the "Children's Suffrage, Exercised by Parents" institution (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=211); - priority focus on the progress of fundamental digital and social technologies in all spheres of the SP, on stimulating innovation in updating the technological structure of each of them; - the highest efficiency of the spheral business and its spheral investments, ensuring its superiority in all parameters of its integrity, its partial characteristics of DM (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1190); - recognition superiority and priority of peaceful spheral AI (SAI), as well as its social end-to-end use as a single and universal instrument of perpetual peace and the SP accelerated growth in harmony with the planet entire peaceful ecosystem, all its natures and spheres that human/humanity is capable of providing only with SAI, see in Chapter 10. All of the listed and other attributes of spherons have been disclosed or touched upon in the GGHA for 20 years only as a first approximation, figuratively speaking only by 1%, in their foundations. Therefore, they constitute a circle of subjects and tasks of fundamental research within the framework of the spheronics, spherons’ Peace Science endless development outside of dogmatism and scholasticism in the future in its academic institutes on a professional basis in each country and for each of them. The spherons have no scientific and philosophical grounds for denying their objective reality, as an indisputable fact (FACT-11 in Chapter 5), conscious, holistic and transdisciplinary knowledge of which is launched in Gandhian spheronics. Social universality and objective, end-to-end reality of spherons is proven by world statistics in the GGHA book "Gandhica" (above). The structural model of spherons in three versions - as a result of the chapter, is expressed in Figure 10. 
Fig. 10. The spherons eternal social structure of humanity at all levels In conclusion, we emphasize the Gandhian category of "spherons" fundamental importance in spheral thinking, in essence and origin. Without its scientific understanding and recognition as the only actors of perpetual peace, humanity will never come closer to it, frozen in its geopolitics at the level of endless local truces of continuous wars, which in a nuclear civilization inevitably lead 80 years to "Assured Mutual Destruction" (MAD) in the suicidal-genocidal third world war. 4. The spherons verification and their central place in the science and culture of perpetual peace The verification of cross-cutting spherons at different levels and for different countries by world statistics is presented in our book "Gandhica", 2019. A general method for verifying spherons of any social object with statistics from a school, enterprise to a country and humanity, accessible to every literate person in 2 hours, is presented here (https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1125). The most fundamental statistics on the Russian spherons dynamics for 50 years are presented in Olga Kashina's study here: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=899. The chapter below is devoted to spheral statistics. A brief but complete formula for the dialectic of spherons and individuals, the inseparability of their employment is expressed as follows: the employment of spherons is realized in the employment of individuals and vice versa, but always differently and always probabilistically, with an elusive thermodynamic pattern, which is revealed here: [https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=756]. The spherons systemic social center in the humanity holistic culture of perpetual peace is presented on its map below by the upper block of its actors in Fig. 11 
Fig. 11. Map of the Humanity Perpetual Peace Culture This map serves as a constant navigator for the Peace Science in its development and for any presentation, including our Primer. The Chapter for discussion and editing prepared by: Leo Semashko https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=253 22-06-25 --------------------------- Fundamental scientific discovery of Gandhian "varnas-spherons" in GGHA. Review of Chapter 6. Leo Semashko. "Gandhian varnas/spherons: eternal actors of the humanity’s perpetual peace" by Asha Mukherjee Publication: In English and Russian: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1170 Honestly speaking, I have been reading Gandhi’s non-violence and Truth for more than four decades but I did not read Gandhi so closely on Varnas and did not find his ideas about Varna as relevant to peace as the author, Leo Semashko, did in Chapter 6 and other similar works of the GGHA of past years. His analysis and interpretation of Gandhi’s Varnas is truly an innovative, fundamental discovery in social science. In all the sources of Indian and Western scientists known to me like B.R. Ambedkar [1], N.V. Banerjee [2] and similar, no one gives such a broad and adequate picture of Gandhi's vision on this issue - the Varnas fundamental role as the permanent creators of perpetual peace. Gandhi deeply and extensively analyzes varnas during several decades of his life [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8], ultimately emphasizing that humanity will be forced to recognize the structure and equality of Varnas in the future, sooner or later [8]. But none of the scientists touched upon the question of HOW to define the social role and mission of Gandhian VARNAS for ALL HUMANITY? In the chapter under review, they are convincingly assigned the key role and mission of eternal actors of its social production and perpetual peace. In this universal mission of Varnas, Semashko defines them as SPHERONS of humanity, as its only holistic structural actors of perpetual peace, deepening Gandhi's emphasis on their social nature, differentiating the structure of social actors. No one has touched upon the issue of the eternal actors of perpetual peace, not even Kant in his book “Perpetual Peace” [11], although he emphasizes its “social nature”. Therefore, this chapter presents a truly innovative interpretation of Gandhi’s Varnas, which constitutes a scientific discovery in social science. This discovery belongs to Leo Semashko, as a scientist who was able to understand Gandhi’s Varnas and give them a new fundamental scientific category – “spherons” in their universal application, as opposed to their purely Indian origin and use [9; 10]. This truly is an innovative interpretation of Gandhi's Varnas, a fundamental scientific discovery in social science. This discovery belongs to Leo Semashko, as a scientist, who is able to understand Gandhi's discovery and give it a new fundamental scientific category. (Semashko Leo: 2016 and 2021). I am told that it is theoretically developed in Gandhian "Perpetual Peace Science" (PPS), in various publications over 20 years and has been verified by world statistics. This is an unprecedented peace making discovery, which is ignored by the ruling militarists everywhere, in the West, in India and Russia. Because it implements John Kennedy's behest: "To end the war before the war ends humanity"! Without the category, science and theory of Gandhian SPHERONS, humanity will never achieve this goal, will not ensure perpetual peace, which, according to Einstein, "is achieved not by violence, but by UNDERSTANDING", i.e. by the science of spherons, as its only actor-Varnas. Theoretically, this category was developed in the GGHA volunteer scientific "Spherons Global Peace Academy" (SGPA) during 20 years and is presented in detail in the Gandhian " Global Peace Science... of Spherons" (GPS) [9]. The spherons universal reality is verified by world statistics [13], which have not been refuted to this day. This is an unprecedented peacemaking discovery, which is ignored by the ruling militarists everywhere, in the West, in India and Russia. Because it implements the covenant of John Kennedy: "To end the war before the war ends humanity"! Without the category, science and theory of Gandhian SPHERONS, humanity will never achieve this goal, will not ensure perpetual peace, which, according to Einstein, "is achieved not by violence, but by UNDERSTANDING", i.e. by the science of spherons, as its only actors. only from the position of such a truly scientific interpretation of Gandhian varnas, one can understand all the passion of his fundamental distinction between varnas and castes. The origin of the extreme, pernicious inequality of castes from the complete equality of varnas, which ensured the prosperity of India, established a long-standing and widespread, in all encyclopedias, scientific delusion of their identity. Gandhi categorically protested against this: "Down with the monster of caste that masquerades in the guise of varna", proving that the origin of castes from varnas does not make them identical. He emphasized that their historical role in India is directly opposite: Varnas ensured the prosperity and world leadership of the India Vedic civilization and castes, over thousands of years, lowered the country into poverty and to the level of one of the most backward and poor countries in the world. I would just highlight the foundation of Gandhian Varnas-Spherons as a fundamental discovery of future humanity and present some clarifications. Verna and caste are two separate concepts. Varna is based on an individual’s position of equality to society and with reference to his innate nature and his tendencies and dispositions. The castes origin are based on a long historical process of social entrenchment of a false, but advantageous to the upper castes, innate inequality of people that perverts the social nature of varnas to the opposite. But in order to give decency to the "monster castes", the ruling castes began to associate them with varnas, and the hierarchy of castes inequality began to be presented in terms of varnas, against which all the heat of Gandhian denial of castes and affirmation of varnas is directed. Varnas, from his point of view, provided a common social language which holds good or thought to hold good not just for India but for the whole humanity, men and women, all peoples to understand the general principle of equality, applicable to all and acceptable to all without confrontation and violence. The importance of Varna system consists in taking care of all the differences of class, colour, creed, gender, culture and religion. Gandhi says: “Varna thus conceived is no man-made institution but the law of life universally governing the human family. Fulfilment of the law would make life livable, would spread peace and content, end all clashes and conflicts, put an end to starvation and pauperization, solve the problem of population and even end disease and suffering.” [3] Again: “The world may ignore it today but it will have to accept it in the time to come. It ordains that everyone shall fulfil the law of one's being by doing in a spirit of duty and service that to which one is born.” [4] Criticizing the nations, Gandhi clarifies: “Today, nations are living in ignorance and breach of that law and they are suffering for it. The so-called civilized nations have by no means reached a state which they can at all regard with equanimity and satisfaction.” [5] Gandhi was against hierarchy, he criticizes caste and class both due to hierarchy involved – “If caste has produced certain evils, class has not been productive of anything less. If class helps to conserve certain social virtues, caste does the same in equal, if not greater, degree.” [6] Further, “Assumption of superiority by any person over any other is a sin against God and man. Thus caste, in so far as it connotes distinctions in status, is an evil.” [7] In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi as an editor presents a dialogue with a reader saying: “History, as we know it, is a record of the wars of the world, and so there is a proverb among Englishmen that a nation which has no history, that is, no wars, is a happy nation…. The fact that there are so many men still alive in the world shows that it is based not on force of arms but on the force of truth or love…. History, then is a record of an interruption of the course of nature. Soul-force, being natural, is not noted in history.” [8] The duty-centric classification called Varna in ancient times, was based on choice of vocation in accordance with aptitude and not on birth in a particular caste or class. The idea of functional cooperation is different from the hierarchical distinction of caste that later developed. The Varna system is designed for an individual to grow horizontally as well as vertically without any clash or conflict in personal or societal values. According to Gandhi, The principle of integration and co-ordination is the foundation of Varna system. It was in the scientific and balanced arrangement of the different occupations and trades that the idea of justice evolved so that all without any conflict could enjoy the commonwealth. And there was no competition or strife between the different people in the matters of their professions. Varna system provided a solid foundation of social economics. The main objective was towards a duty of every citizen to see that all members of the society were satisfied in their basic needs. The significance of the law of varnas/spherons discovery by Gandhi was so highly valued by Semashko and the GGSG that on their initiative a world project was created: “Gandhian World Enlightenment of Spherons” (GWES). It was initiated in 2012, but approved by the GGHA only on March 12, 2021: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=987. Although this project did not find support either in the UN, or in UNESCO, or anywhere in the DT, it will never become obsolete, neither for peace, nor for India, nor for science and peacemaking, so it is waiting for its time and its enthusiastic Gandhians for its revival and worldwide implementation. In conclusion, we will once again emphasize the category "spherons" scientific nature, fully proven in the facts and statistically, which integrated all the constructive and progressive attributes of the Gandhian varnas, providing them with the highest innovative content and application as eternal actors of perpetual world. All this made the spherons category by central and system-forming both in the spheral, "substantially new thinking", and in its Peace Science (PS) and its highest, digital technological instrument in the spheral AI (SAI). on the other hand, the integration and preservation of all the Gandhian varnas advantages in them makes their long-standing qualification in the GGHA as "Gandhian", i.e. nonviolent, peaceful - both of spheral thinking, and of its spheral PS and of its SAI, justified, fair and honest. This is the GGHA honor, and makes Chapter 6 of its innovative peacemaking Primer centrally meaningful and valuable in it.
References:
1. Ambedkar, B.R. 1979. ‘Annihilation of Caste’. In Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Volume 1. Bombay: Government of Maharashtra. 2. Banerjee, N.V. 1988. Towards Perpetual Peace. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 3. Gandhi, M.K.: My Religion p. 172: https://www.mkgandhi.org/my_religion/36varna_caste.php 4. Gandhi, M.K. Harijan, 28-9-1934 p. 261-62. 5. Gandhi: Harijan, 4-3-1938, p. 5. 6. Gandhi: My Religion, p. 174. 7. Gandhi, M.K.: Young India, 25-3-1933, p. 3. 8. Gandhi, M.K.: Hind Swaraj 9. Semashko Leo. (2016) Spheral Law of SPHERONS’ Harmonious Education- Enlightenment. Global Peace Science, 179-181 pp: https://peacefromharmony.org/docs/global-peace-science-2016.pdf 10. Semashko Leo (2021) Lecture Course. Spheronism-Harmonism: Gandhian MacroSpherology, Introduction to the GWE: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=861 11. Kant, Immanuel. 1991. “Towards Perpetual Peace,” in Kant: Political Writings, 2nd ed., H. Reiss, ed., Cambridge University Press. 12. “Gandhica”, 2019. (https://peacefromharmony.org/docs/gandhi-nonviolence-of-spherons-gandhica-2019.pdf Asha Mukherjee Former Professor, Department of Philosophy & Religion and Former Director, Women's Studies Centre, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan (WB) INDIA 731235 https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1170 http://ashamukherjee.in 22-06-25 --------------------------------------
Chapter 6. Gandhian Varnas/Spherons = PEACE! Dear peacemakers-coauthors, We are happy to send for your consideration Chapter 6 "Gandhian Varnas/Spherons: Eternal Actors of the Humanity Perpetual Peace", 10 pages, of which 7 are the chapter and 3 are the review by Professor Asha Mukherjee. It is published in 2 languages on the website here: In Russian: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=ru_c&key=1127 In English: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=1275 And in the attachment. Good news - the number of visits to our website has crossed 22 million. With peace and love, Leo Semashko 22-06-25 -------------------------
Dear Leo: Thank you for Chapter 6. I shall consider it in the next days. I am sorry that President Trump did not turn out to be the great man of peace, youand I had hoped for. He just bombed Iran. Many of my students came from Iran. I worry about them and their parents. Nothing shows the evilness of man more than war does. In war all the vices of man come together,: murder, lies, cruelty, theft, etc.. In spite of all, lets hold on to man's goodness!!! I still hope very much for peace in the Ukraine. I worry much for all my students and friends there, who joined us there in our discourse on Religion in civil society for 20 years: Russians and Ukrainians. You joined us once as well!!! We all were peaceful and happy! In Solidarity, your Rudi from the House of Peace, USA. 23-06-25 ------------------------
Глава 6 - уникальная глава в букваре и своей центральной темой Гандианских сферонов и первым в истории ГГСГ научным отзывом индийского учёного Аша Мукерджи. Большое спасибо за ее ценную работу. Ее профессиональный отзыв специалиста по Ганди подтверждает полную, стопроцентную научную достоверность интерпретации Гандианских сферонов в ГГСГ и их ключевого значения для глобального мира, чего никто не может понять за 100 лет. Я думаю, что мы всё еще остаёмся в капкане узкого, дисциплинарного мышления, в которое никак не вмещаются целостные, планетарные Гандианские сфероны человечества. Это наша проблема, проблема узкого и слабого мышления человечества, а не Ганди. До его сферного уровня мышления, нам необходимо ещё много работать и учиться у него. Его сферное мышление пока еще остается, к сожалению, недосягаемым, преодолению чего должен послужить наш Букварь. С уважением, Вера Попович 25-06-25 --------------------------------
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