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Peace from Harmony
Bishnu Pathak. Peace, Policy and Democracy from Harmony and Nonviolence

Bishnu Pathak

 

 


Professor Bishnu Pathak, Ph.D.

GHA Ambassador of Peace and Disarmament from Harmony/Nonviolence in Asia,

The ABC of Harmony, 2012, start: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=478
GHA book "Global Peace Science", 2016, coauthor:

https://peacefromharmony.org/docs/global-peace-science-2016.pdf (127-134 p)

by his article: “Johan Galtung’s Conflict Transformation Theory for Peaceful World:
Top and Ceiling of Traditional Peacemaking

https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=599

Address: Kathmandu, Nepal

Web: Under Construction 
Email: pathakbishnu@gmail.com

Personal page: https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=910


Bishnu Pathak. Prime Minister’s Constitutional Coup:

https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=990

 

 

Personal data

 

Date of birth: 08/06/1965

Education:

Doctor of Philosophy o­n Conflict Management and Human Rights (1998-2004), Tribhuvan University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Master's Degree (Master of Arts) (1992-1995), Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

 

Parents:

(a) Father’s Name: Mr. Dhanpati Pathak

Age: Died in 89 years (August 25, 2015)

Profession: Rural Farmer

Education: Illiterate

(b) Mother’s Name: Ms. Ambika Devi Pathak

Age: Died in 86 years (January 9, 2013)

Profession: Rural Farmer

Education: Illiterate

(c)Lesson learnt from parents: “Not to be a great man; but honest o­ne

 

Marital Status: married

Wife Name: Ms. Mina Pathak

Age: 47 (February 28, 1972)

Profession: Rural Farmer

Education: Under Graduate

Children: Two sons

(a) Name: Bimip Pathak

Age: 23 (January 15, 1996)

Profession: Student

Education: Studying Alternative Energy Engineering, Germany

(b) Name: Bimish Pathak

Age: 21 (July 25, 1997)

Profession: Student

Education: Studying International Trade, China

 

Hobbies: Innovative findings through researching, writings and teachings; travel etc.

 

Brief Resume

Current Status

(a)Vice-President, Global Harmony Association (GHA)

(b)Board Member, TRANSCEND Peace University

(c)Director, Peace and Conflict Studies Center: (Web address under constriction)

(d)Senior Peace, Security and Human Rights Expert, Wikistrat

(e)Editorial Board Member, World Journal of Social Science Research

(f)Executive Member, Worldwide Peace Organization

(g)Regional Convener, TRANSCEND International

(h)Advisory Board Member, Journal of Internal Displacement

 

General Overview

Mr. Bishnu Pathak has been done Doctor of Philosophy in interdisciplinary Human Rights and Conflict Management dimension in 2004 and has been working as a Professor of Human Security and Transitional Justice Studies.

Dr. Pathak had started his professional carrier as a Human Rights Researcher from INHURED International, Kathmandu in 1991. He was selected as a Guest Researcher at the Danish Centre for Human Rights, Copenhagen in 1999 where he worked for 18 months. He led the team and completed the Report o­n Security Risk Assessment at Transboundary “Sacred Himalayan Landscape” o­n the support of the Welthungerhilfe (WHH) and Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Germany in August 2014. In 2013, he led a team to explore the methods for Process Documentation Research o­n Interfaith Peacebuilding Project under the United Mission to Nepal (UMN) which is published by Faculty of ORT Technical Institute, USA in 2017.

Together with a 4-member international team for the Evaluation of International Support to the Peace Process in Nepal (2006-2012), Professor Pathak worked as a Senior Peace, Security and Human Rights Expert from January 2012 to September 2013 o­n the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark. This Evaluation focused o­n the contributions made by Denmark, Switzerland, Finland, Germany, UK and Norway.

Transnational Professor Pathak had been working as a Senior Commissioner at the Commission for Investigation o­n Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP) for the sake of truth, justice and reparation to the victims for dignified lives. He is the author over 100 international publications including Generations of Transitional Justice in the World (2019) and Nepal’s 2008 Constituent Assembly Elections: Converting Bullets to Ballots, East-West Center Bulletin. His book Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal (2005) is a widely circulated volume. Many of his phenomenal papers and books are incorporated as references in many Universities across the globe.

Professor Pathak was involved to provide training to the Nepalese former combatants o­n DDR-SSR practicing in the Post-Conflict countries in the World; norms, values and principles of Human Rights; and Democratization Process in Nepal. Besides, he has been involving o­n Civil-Military Relations, Conflict Management, Military (Re)Integration, Human Rights, Federalism and Transitional Justice to the senior security personnel and senior civil servants.

Transdisciplinary Professor Pathak is committed to continue his exceptional contributions to societies through unwavering teachings, researching and writings for the universal social betterment. His entire works advocate for a world without war to ensure safety of children, men and women in schools, homes and jobs. His prime thrust is to liberate the people from injustice, inequity, indignity, insecurity, intolerance, inharmony and inhibition, which are found widespread in the society. Professor Pathak firmly believes that injustice happened anywhere is a struggle to justice everywhere.

Arduous Professor Pathak is the creator of the Peace-Conflict Lifecycle. Mr. Pathak has been nominating for Nobel Peace Prize each year for his innovation of Peace-Conflict Lifecycle since 2013 (see, Annex-I).

 

Annex-I

 



****

 

Publications, the most important:

1.Pathak, Bishnu. (2005). Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal. Kathmandu: BIMIPA Publications.

2.Pathak, Bishnu. (July 25, 2019). “Generations of Transitional Justice in the World”. Advances in Social Sciences ResearchJournal. Vol.6,No.7.

3.Pathak, Bishnu. (2017). "Process Documentation of Interfaith Peacebuilding Cycle: A Case Study from Nepal". Examining Global Peacemaking in the Digital Age. Skokie: Faculty of ORT Technical Institute.

4.Pathak, Bishnu. (2017). "A Comparative Study of World's Truth Commissions: From Madness to Hope". World Journal of Social Science Research. Vol. 4, No. 3.

5.Pathak, Bishnu. (2017). Transformative Harmony and Inharmony in Nepal's Lost Transition. Delhi: Studera Press.

6.Pathak, Bishnu. (2016). "World's Disappearance Commissions: An Inhumanious Quest for Truth". World Journal of Social Science Research. Vol. 3, No. 3.

 

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Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Victors’ Justice or Victims’ Justice through the Tokyo Tribunal

by

Professor Bishnu Pathak[1]

 

Abstract

The bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were war crimes and crimes against humanity that caused physical, material and emotional losses. The bombings violated International Public Law, International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law. The objective of this paper is to find out the situations of the investigation, prosecution and punishment o­n accountability and to analyze the preference for justice: victors’ justice or victims’ justice. During World War II, Emperor Hirohito actively led the country decorated by the Army’s uniform. However, anti-communist Hirohito pretended to be a ceremonial Emperor o­n the whisper of the USA. Hirohito bribed callous US Army General Douglas MacArthur, the Head of the Allied Victors forces. The forces gathered testimonies to prove Hirohito as innocent, making many opponent armies and officials scapegoats (perpetrators). Former Prime Ministers Prince Konoe and Tojo were conspiratorially assassinated. The Tokyo Tribunal was biased since it did not speak a word against the indiscriminate bombings and mass killings in Chinese cities, Pearl Harbor and other Asian countries.The Tribunal had nonetheless a pseudo justice body, highly influenced by the US military and retributive justice doctrines. As such, justice became elusive for the real innocent, weak and poor victims. Most grave crimes committed went unpunished. The Tribunal ironically ensured victors’ justice (war winners) further limiting victims’ justice (war losers). Thus, the Tribunal appeared as a sword in a judge's toupee. As a corollary, Japan is still behind the USA, carrying over the superiority complex politics initiated by Hirohito.

Keywords: Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Victor’s Justice, Victim’s Justice and Tokyo Tribunal.

 

Introduction

Seventy-five years have already passed since the atomic bombs had been dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While some warned US President Harry S. Truman stating that horrific casualties to US soldiers will happen any time in Japan, Truman delivered an order to use new weapon bringing the war to a speedy end (www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/harry-truman). On August 6, 1945 at 8.15 am, the United States became the first nation to drop an atomic (B‑29 Superfortress bomber) bomb o­n the Japanese city of Hiroshima (Streifer, August 2017). At 2.47 am of August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki(Rezelman et al., 2000). Those two bombings extrajudicially killed between 130,000 to 226000 people, mostly civilians (Vance, August 14, 2009). Seventeen hundred tons of bombs were dropped in a densely populated area of twelve square miles. It resulted as many as 100,000 immediate killings, tens of thousands more died in the following weeks from injuries and radiation poisoning, over 40,000 wounded, more than 1,000,000 made homeless and over 267,000 buildings including houses were destroyed (Vance, August 14, 2009). Fearing possible further bombings, Japan announced its surrender (Tomonaga, December 2, 2019; Vance, August 14, 2009), six days after the second bombing. And the end of World War (WW) II was formally declared.

Five to six years after the bombings, the incidence of health damage increased noticeably among the lives of survivors. They were: the appearance of leukaemia - the first malignant disease in 1949; development of many types of cancer (McCrary & Baumgarten, 2007); and finally lifelong cancers for those who experienced the bombing as surviving children (victims) and psychological damage - depression and post-traumatic stress disorder and other chronic diseases among the survivors (Tomonaga, December 2, 2019; ICAN, undated).

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), known as the Tokyo Military Tribunal (Tokyo Tribunal) was established by the Allied Victors forces of the WW II against the leaders of the Japanese Empire in 1946. The allied signatories were: Australia, Canada, China, France, British-India, the Netherlands, Philippines, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Each of these countries had a separate prosecution team member (Kaufman, 2013). The allied victors appointed US Army General Douglas MacArthur as the Supreme Commander to the Tokyo Tribunal o­n January 19, 1946 (Kaufman, 2013). It had a principal objective to investigate the worst perpetrators and to prosecute and punish them for war crimes committed against innocent humans (victims). The Tokyo Tribunal marked a changing point of classical law doctrine to contemporary transitional justice body.

When the Potsdam Declaration was signed, the war in Europe ended but the war with Japan remained continuing (Japan Institute of International Affairs, March 2014). However, the Soviet Union did not sign the Declaration till August 8, 1945 (till the USA dropped the second atomic bomb at Nagasaki). Finally, Japan surrendered o­n August 15, 1945 (Butow, 1954). To influence the Tokyo Tribunal as he had been a ceremonial Emperor, Hirohito ordered a few Generals to continue the fighting o­n the whisper of the USA and made them scapegoats as the perpetrators.

In July 1945, the U.S. President, the Chinese President and the Prime Minister of Great Britain signed the Potsdam Declaration that intended to deliver all Japanese armed forces belonging to the WW II for unconditional surrender to initiate a stern action prosecuting and punishing the Japanese war criminals in the name of justice (Potsdam, July 26, 1946).
The MacArthur, recognized as outspoken, disobedient, arrogant and callous General, had an authority to surrender and to control the Imperial Japanese forces (German Instrument of Surrender, May 8, 1945). o­n September 2, 1945, Japan signed an agreement stating that the war criminals would be brought to justice (Mauch, December 13, 2017). MacArthur laid out the composition, jurisdiction and function of the Tribunal and appointed eleven judges for the Tribunal.
The Tokyo War Crimes Trials were held two-year and six months from April 29, 1946 to November 12, 1948. The Tribunal established mentioning three-broad criminal categories: (i) Class ‘A’ (Crimes against Peace) (ii) Class ‘B’ (Conventional War Crimes) and (iii) Class ‘C’ (Crimes against Humanity) (Tanaka, McCormack, & Simpson, 2011). The Class ‘A’ is generally defined as policy-makers,‘B’ as policy-supervisors and ‘C’ as policy-implementers.
A total of 28 personnel including 18 military officials and 10 political leaders were charged with class ‘A’ who had been responsible for planning, preparation and initiating a war of aggression violating international law and treaties (AlMadani, January 24, 2020; Timothy, 2001). The Class ‘B’ included those who violated the laws or customs of law. The Class ‘C’ included those who were involved in murder, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against the civilian population, before or during the war. More than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class ‘B’ and ‘C’ crimes o­n the course of entailing prisoners’ abuse.
Several controversies existed about the Tribunal. o­ne of the crucial was that the Tribunal had an American bias, unlike the Nuremberg Tribunal. There had been o­nly a single prosecution team led by MacArthur, although the members of the Tribunal represented 11 different allied countries (Horowitz, November 1950). As a result, the Tribunal received less official support than the Nuremberg Tribunal. The US assistant Attorney General had a much lower position than Nuremberg's Robert H. Jackson, a justice of the US Supreme Court (Horowitz, November 1950).
MacArthur had been in favour of a strong military action who criticized sharply o­n pacifism and isolationism that made him unpopular with the President Roosevelt administration (James, October 1, 1970). The US President said, “MacArthur could never see another sun, or even a moon for that matter, in the heavens, as long as he was the sun” (Perry, May 25, 2014). He was ranked among America’s worst Generals in dealing with opposition (Perry, May 25, 2014). Although President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted MacArthur to the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Forces, he stated that MacArthur had been the worst politician and had been a difficult General to manage (Sparrow, October 20, 2015). While MacArthur forces were compelled to withdraw from North Korea owing to China’s intervention o­n war, he publicly spoke against the strategy that initiated by Harry S. Truman, the President of the U.S. (Schnabel, January 24, 2016).
In regard to justice, Dutch Professor Röling stated that the Allied forces were aware of the bombings and the burnings of Tokyo, Yokohama and other cities; still, we saw that every day the victor allied had violated them extremely (Schouten, 2014). o­nce an American defense counsel for Japanese defendants argued that the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor at Hawaii had been murders (Remembering Pearl Harbor, December 7, 2001). But, the Tribunal did notspeak a word against the indiscriminate bombings in Chinese cities by the Japanese Imperial Forces (The Japanese Times, March 31, 2006). Those soldiers gathered 1,300 Chinese forces and civilians at Taipai Gate and blew them up by landmines. Besides, the Japanese troops tied the hands of 57,000 prisoners of war who were divided into four columns and shot them (http://www.kevinpezzi.com/blog/Hirohito_war_criminal.php).
The Tribunal never raised questions o­n atrocities done in China in fear of the USA being accused of atomic bombings at Hiroshima, Nagasaki and other Japanese cities (Sellars, March 2013) which were war crimes even under the 1907 The Hague Convention (Streifer, 2017). As a result, the Japanese pilots and officials were prosecuted for their aerial bombings neither at Pearl Harbor nor in cities in China and other Asian countries (Primoratz, June 23, 2010). It was evident that the Japanese troops had been terrorizing there under the active leadership of the 124th Japanese Emperor Hirohito.
Japanese former Prime Minister Prince Fumimaro Konoe (Hirohito’s brother) stated that Hirohito was a major war criminal, but MacArthur did not prosecute him (Dower, June 2000). Why had Hirohito been that much favoured by MacArthur? There were a number of reasons. In 1945, the US discovered that the Japanese had hidden large quantities of gold bullion and other pearls in Manila, the Philippines. President Truman ordered to loot all of them secretly and decided to mobilize those riches as action fund to fight against global communism by bribing political and military leaders and for manipulating elections in foreign countries for more than fifty years (Seagrave & Seagrave, 2003).

When MacArthur arrived in Japan and met with shogun Hirohito, Hirohito asked him how much booty he had collected from the conquered countries. Hirohito put forward the concept of a project named Golden Lily (Gold Warriors) or America’s secret recovery of Yamashita treasure (Seagrave & Seagrave, 2003). The Golden Lily had been used by Emperor Hirohito to bribe MacArthur where he later lived a life of luxury after his retirement against meagre US Army salary. Moreover, the Golden Lily worked in close cooperation with the new premier; Yamato named Prince Higashi-Kuni a Class ‘A’ category perpetrator.Konoe might also have been killed in the name of suicide as he strongly criticized Hirohito as the supreme leader of war crimes. Besides,Hideki Tojo, a former Prime Minister, was sentenced to death by hanging o­n December 23, 1948 (Yenne, September 23, 2014).

On November 26, 1946, MacArthur confirmed that there was no need of the Emperor's resignation (Dower, June 2000) and escaped the imperial family from being accused. However, the Tribunal gathered the testimonies of the defendants as not to implicate the Emperor and his associates. Hirohito’s close officials worked with the Tribunal in compiling the lists of suspects’ potential war criminals. The suspects arrested as Class ‘A’ and confined in the prisons of Europe (Sugamo Prison) who seriously vowed to defend their Japan’s sovereignty against any possible flaw of war accountability (Dower, June 2000).

When US Brigadier General Bonner Fellers landed in Japan, he directly visited Hirohito to work for his protection and was allowed the major suspected criminals to coordinate their stories that the Emperor would be freed from indictment (Bix, 2000). Before Japan's surrender, there had been a clandestine understanding that Hirohito would have been scot-free for war crimes and crimes against humanity similar to many others (victors) leading government figures (Dower, June 2000) in the world. Thus, Hirohito retained his position o­n the throne, albeit with diminished status. Even though, Hirohito frequently appeared as the commander of the Japanese armed forces with military uniform (Krauth, 2001) before the surrender in 1945.

Owing to the USA’s controlling roles over the Tribunal, it provided the Chief Prosecutor, staffs and necessary funds for running the Tribunal. It bears telling here that there has been a historical impression that the USA never pursues free, fair and impartial relationships (Horowitz, May 18, 2013). The Tribunal found many perpetrators guilty and sentenced them to punish ranging from death to seven years’ imprisonment. In Japan, several additional trials took place in cities outside Tokyo. A few allies such as Australia, Canada, India, and the Netherlands were willing to make some reductions in sentences (Wilson et al., 2017), but in vain in front of MacArthur.

In regards to the criminal responsibility of Hirohito, Judge-in-Chief William Webb of Australia declared, "No ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger ... It will remain that the men who advised the commission of a crime, if it be o­ne, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed” (Röling & Rüter, 1977). Justice Henri Bernard of France determined that though Japan's declaration of war had a principal actor Hirohito, he was escaped from all prosecutions of the past crimes (Röling & Rüter, 1977).

Hirohito continued as an Emperor while MacArthur believed that he could o­nly fight against communism. He had been accountable for the endless war and a series of war crimes. Japanese slaughtered 30 million civilians, including children and women, who were raped before being murdered. Imperial Japanese soldiers inhumanly raped even girl children, in addition to elderly women who speared through their vagina (http://www.kevinpezzi.com/blog/Hirohito_war_criminal.php). Imperial Japanese troops terrorized Chinese commoners with brutal atrocities. Those victims such as infants, children and women were killed immediately after being raped; many victims were mutilated by penetrating vaginas with bayonets, bamboo sticks and other objects (Clancey, undated; Gray, February 1996, Dragon Daily, February 7, 1938).

Thus, Hirohito, Active Head of the State, had been o­ne of the most heinous war criminals in the history whose brutality is expected never to be excused. History will recall Hirohito’s war of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity forever till the existence of human beings in the world.

The US President Gerald Ford invited and warmly welcomed Emperor Hirohito in red carpet and the White House organized for a State Dinner o­n October 2, 1975. The Tribunal satisfied the Supreme Emperor Hirohito and his associates. Japan has been trailing the United States till date since the days of Hirohito as being a satellite anti-communist close-friend. As a result, Japan is has been participating in almost all inhumane war crimes and crimes against humanity being initiated by the USA in the name of terrorist or terrorist acts.

The Tokyo Tribunal had no less a pseudo justice body that had been highly influenced by the military doctrine, revenge politics and retributive justice. It had formed just to show the entire world that allied forces conducted Transitional Justice process to investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators and to make them accountable (Pathak, 2019). No truth for justice was granted to the real victims or survivors.

Indian Justice Radhabinod Pal argued that the Tribunal failed to provide anything other than the opportunity for the victors to retaliate against the losers. And, it had been an exclusion of Western colonialism and the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki from the list of crimes (Brook, August 2001). Because of the USA’s biased and vested political interest, the Tribunal had worked no more than the acceptance of perpetrators or worked o­n behalf of victors’ justice (Tanaka, McCormack & Simpson, 2010) rather than losers’ (victims’) justice.

The Tribunal was used as a platform to prove victors’ justice through their own power, politics, property, and privileges further weakening the poor and vulnerable victims, communities and nation as a whole. In fact, the victors were accountable for political assault, physical injury, material damages, mental or emotional impairment, socio-cultural trauma and economic loss. Furthermore, the victors conspiratorially suppressed the pains, sufferings and grievances of victims’ voices forcefully snatching and destroying the evidence what the victims had. As such, the victors applied the threatocracy and crowdocracy against the poor victims and defeated nation to discourage them further.

The Tribunal officials who prioritized cronyism were instructed to deliver o­ne-sided judgment based o­n victors’ desires. The decision of the Tribunal was inefficient and ineffective, too. The double-standard, hypocrisy and threatocracy prioritized retribution to the junior Japanese soldiers, politicians and bureaucrats-technocrats. Therefore, the Tribunal was no less than tu queque in practice. Neither there would have been any trust of people and victims in the Tokyo Tribunal nor had they performed their tasks properly as an autonomous justice body for the victims (Pathak, 2020). Thus, the Tokyo Tribunal had virtually been victor’s justice with self-righteous fraud and lynching bodies. Most grave crimes committed went unpunished. Thus, justice delivery appeared as a sword in a judge's toupee. Justice becomes elusive for the innocent, weak and poor victims. o­n the whole, the victors’ justice has been against the International Public Law, International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law in the transitional justice system.

***

References

  1. AlMadani, Wedyan. (2020, January 24). The fundamental legacy of the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials. New Europe.
  2. Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  3. Brook, Timothy. (2001, August). “The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking”. The Journal of Asian Studies. Volume 60, No. 3.
  4. Brook, Timothy. (2001, August). “The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking”. The Journal of Asian Studies. Volume 60, No. 3.
  5. Butow, R. J. C. (1954). Japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford University Press.
  6. Clancey, Patrick. (Undated). IMTFE Judgment: English Translation. HyperWar Foundation.
  7. Dower, J. W. (2000, June). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton.
  8. Dragon Daily, (1938, February 7). A Debt of Blood: An Eyewitness Account of the Barbarous Acts of the Japanese Invaders in Nanjing. Wuhan Edition.
  9. German Instrument of Surrender. (1945, May 8). Act of Military Surrender. Germany.
  10. Gray, Robert. (1996, February). Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing: Translation from Japanese from English. Vancouver.
  11. Harry S. Truman. (2020, February). Retrieved September 6, 2020, from https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/harry-truman.
  12. Horowitz, Solis. (1950, November). The Tokyo Trial: International Conciliation, 465. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  13. Horowitz, Solis. (2013, May 18). The Tokyo Trial: International Conciliation, No. 465. Literary Licensing.
  14. ICAN. (Undated). Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.icanw.org/hiroshima_and_nagasaki_bombings#.
  15. Japan Institute of International Affairs. (2014, March). Japan’s Territorial Issues and the Historical Understandings of the Concerned Countries: Case Studies o­n the Senkaku Islands, Takeshima and the Northern Territories. Tokyo.
  16. Kaufman, (2013). “Transitional Justice for Tojo’s Japan: The United States Role in the Establishment of the Internatioinal Military Tribunal for the Far East and Other Transitional Justice Mechanisms for Japan After World War II”. Emory International Law Review. Volume 27.
  17. Krauth, Kathleen. (2001). EAA Interview with Herbert P. Bix o­n Hirohito and the Making of Modern. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/eaa-interview-with-herbert-p-bix2001-pulitzer-winner.pdf.
  18. Mauch, Peter. (2017, December 13). “Hirohito and General Douglas MacArthur: The First Meeting as Documented by Shōwa tennō jitsuroku”. Diplomacy and Statecraft Journal. Volume 28, Issue 4.
  19. McCrary, Felicia and Mona Baumgarten. (2007). Casualties of War: The Short- and Long-Term Effects of the 1945 Atomic Bomb Attacks o­n Japan. The Young Epidemiology Scholars Program (YES).
  20. Pathak, B. (2019). Generations of Transitional Justice in the World. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(7).
  21. Pathak, B. (2020). Critiques o­n the Tribunals and The Hague Court. Transcend Media Service. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://www.transcend.org/tms/2020/07/critiques-on-the-tribunals-and-the-hague-court/
  22. Perry, Mark. (2014, May 25). “Rethinking Douglas MacArthur”. Politico Magazine.
  23. Potsdam. (1945, July 26). Proclamation Calling for the Surrender of Japan: Approved by the Heads of Governments of the United States, China, and the United Kingdom. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from http://www1.udel.edu/History-old/figal/hist371/assets/pdfs/potsdam.pdf.
  24. Primoratz, Igor. (2010, June 23). Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II. Berghahn Books.
  25. Remembering Pearl Harbor. (2001, December 7). A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet. Los Angeles: The National WWII Museum.
  26. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from http://www.kevinpezzi.com/blog/Hirohito_war_criminal.php.
  27. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from http://www.kevinpezzi.com/blog/Hirohito_war_criminal.php.
  28. Rezelman, David; F.G. Gosling; Terrence R. Fehner. (2000). "The atomic bombing of Nagasaki". The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History. U.S. Department of Energy. 
  29. Röling, B. V. A. & Rüter, C. F. (1977). The Tokyo Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E), 29 April 1946-12 November 1948. Amsterdam: APA-University Press.
  30. Schnabel, James F. (2016, April 24). The Korean War: Policy and Direction the First Year (United States Army in the Korean War). St. John's Press.
  31. Schouten, Lisette. (2014). From Tokyo to the United Nations: B.V.A. Röling, International Criminal Jurisdiction and the Debate o­n Establishing an International Criminal Court, 1949–1957. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher.
  32. Seagrave, Sterling & Peggy Seagrave. (2003). Gold warriors: America's secret recovery of Yamashita's gold. London & New York: Verso.
  33. Sellars, Kirsten. (March 2013). Crimes against Peace and International Law. Cambridge University Press.
  34. Sparrow, Paul M. (2015, October 20). “I Hate Returned”! General MacArthur and FDR. FDR Presidential Library and Museum.
  35. Streifer, Bill. (2017). The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Through the Eyes of Prof. Bunsaku Arakatsu. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.

36.Streifer, Bill. (2017, August). The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Through the Eyes of Prof. Bunsaku Arakatsu. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.

  1. Tanaka, Yuki, Tim McCormack and Gerry Simpson. (2010). Beyond Victor’s Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. Leiden & Boston: Martinus Nifhoff Publishers.
  2. The Japanese Times. (2006, March 31). Chongqing bombing victims sue. Tokyo.
  3. Tomonaga Masao. (2019, December 2). The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Summary of the Human Consequences, 1945-2018, and Lessons for Homo sapiens to End the Nuclear Weapon Age. Retrieved September 7, 2020, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2019.1681226.
  4. Vance, Laurence M. (2009, August 14). Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Fairfax, VA 22030: The Future of Freedom Foundation.
  5. Wilson, S., Cribb, R., Trefalt, B., & Aszkielowicz, D. (2017). Japanese War Criminals: The Politics of Justice after the Second World War. New York: Columbia University Press.
  6. Yenne, Bill. (2014, September 23). The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941-42. Osprey Publishing.

****

 


[1] A Board Member of TRANSCEND Peace University and a former Senior Commissioner at the Commission of Investigation o­n Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP), Nepal. Dr. Pathak has been a Noble Peace prize nominee each year from 2013 for his noble finding of Peace-Conflict Lifecycle, similar to the ecosystem. He holds a Ph.D. in Conflict Transformation and Human Rights. He can be reached at ciedpnp@gmail.com.

          12-09-20
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Transformation of War Politics to Politics of Nonviolence

REVIEWS, 16 Mar 2020

Prof. Bishnu Pathak – TRANSCEND Media Service

Review of a Book o­n Gandhica:

https://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=848

 

 

12 Mar 2020 – The book Gandhica focuses o­n Mahatma Gandhi’s ideal for the science of nonviolence. The book particularly advocates for spherons, partons and Tetranet Thinking as a principal new scientific interpretation and the fundamental social rationale.

Gandhica is o­ne step up for global peace and harmony through the means of nonviolence. Nonviolence is a substantively new nonviolent thinking. Nonviolence is the law for normal-regular life. Gandhi says, “Nonviolence which belongs to harmony, peace, truth, love, justice, equality, fraternity is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind”. The adoption of nonviolence is no less than the works of heroism. Therefore, spherons are actors, causes and sources of nonviolence. Gandhica has been system intelligence o­n the course of rescuing from world ecocide as well as genocide through the means of nonviolence spherons or Varna as Gandhi rejected the caste, but recognized the Varna.

Gandhica describes the fundamental scientific discovery of a new social reality spherons, spheral classes of the population employed in the spheres of social production. Spherons are Gandhi’s greatest force of nonviolence as the genome and actors of the structural peace from harmony of the social production and employment of humanity. Spherons are the noospheral structures of humankind: the sources of energy of nonviolence as the greatest force in the hands of mankind (Gandhi); able to end the war before the war ends humanity (John Kennedy) and shift the arms race into a peace race (Martin Luther King Jr.).

Gandhica has expressed the reality of the theoretical and empirical fundamental tools for mastering the Gandhi’s “greatest force of nonviolence, which is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction” devised by the ingenuity of man. It also pronounces Einstein’s nonviolence manner of thinking which in recent years mentions a common, fundamental and peacemaking societal platform of spherons. Spherons define the large group of people classes covering the population: who are employed in the four spheres: sociosphere, infosphere, orgsphere and technosphere in social production. Spherons are the center of their sociocybernetic genome. Spherons and their statistics are inseparable from each other as the two sides of the same coin.

The book also focuses o­n the parts of spherons which are called partons. It clearly defines “Partons are the private groups and classes of people employed in various sectors of public activity and constituting the certain branch parts of Spherons”. Partons are historically transient, temporary, stochastic and entropic. They are the inner boundary of spherons, their mediation and explanation. The dialectics of spherons/partons explain the deep societal causes and sources of social structures, functions and states: peace and war, violence and nonviolence, equality and inequality, justice and injustice, stability and variability, extinction/survival and among others similar to harmony and disharmony (inharmony). Spherons/partons are learned and scientifically explained in the Gandhian law of social nonviolence as the fundamental law of any social being. The harmony of spherons ensures the life of a society which is constantly violated by the ruling partons and their dominant elites. They, in turn, are overcome by new, more harmonious partons, their communities and elites as an endless phenomenon similar to the ecosystem. The emerging harmonious Gandhian nonviolent civilization of the 21st century is able to overcome the status of global militarism through the healing structural harmony of spherons in their fraternal love and peaceful coexistence.

Spherons in the book outline the semantic space unfolding in the noospheral nature which is controlled by the sociocybernetic Gandhian nonviolent Tetranet Thinking (TT). The TT elucidates survival and prosperity of humanity and human first transforming wars and militarism towards ensuring the fundamental right to life, peace, harmony and nonviolence. It exists within the framework of the Gandhian law of nonviolence universal life. The TT is substantively a new manner of thinking that has emerged through its own processes: production, distribution, exchange and contribution. Thus, it has its own interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary toolkit. It is mastering the most multifaceted systemic laws of self-organization of society among in which the Gandhian law of nonviolence plays a decisive role in the evolution, structure of survival and sustainable development of humanity at the beginning of the 21st century. The TT is a powerful integrator of human consciousness and integrity of its o­ntology and epistemology in duplex/tetrad measurement, structural modelling and system design. In regards of the TT, the Global Harmony Association went through several preliminary stages of its comprehension and attempts which are: Magna Carta of Harmony, Harmonious Civilization, The ABC of Harmony, Global Peace Science and The Great Peace Charter XXI.

The book proposes a gradual transformation of the structural domain of power and democratic management and governance. The book urges to restore a distinctive essential pillar for eternal peace and harmony in the world. It describes the ways to transform armed conflict or violence and destruction into the zones of nonviolence for the prosperity and development of human beings. It illustrates social cohesion in societal classes of a larger population. And, the book has been an idea of ​​a condominium for nonviolence (ie, peacekeeping, peacemaking and peacebuilding) that unprecedently led the salvatory achievement for human security to all living beings.

The book has precisely observed and analyzed the several patterns of nonviolence as new humankind thinking for the fundamentals of the peace-and-lovemaking globe. Nonviolence creates harmonious existence in all classes in communities, which exists as the first law of human lives. Global peace today is scientific knowledge of the new reality of non-violence and a substantial way forward for civilization. Nonviolence is the greatest art of peace and prosperity for being harmless to self and others in any condition. Nonviolence practically concedes human security that comes for not to hurt people, creatures and the environment. Moreover, it covers moral, spiritual, religious and philosophical principles. It cannot be achieved within traditional violent and autocratic-militaristic cultural-mindset power-holders, power-hunters, power-seekers and power-purchasers. It is against the crimes committed including genocide and ecocide. It teaches cosmic law and order, i.e., duties, rights, conduct, laws, virtues and right way of living similar to the teachings of Lord Buddha, who was born in Nepal. Nonviolence is a substantially new way of thinking that transforms triangular conflict by peaceful political measures.

Gandhica is the 9th book of the Global Harmony Association (GHA) during the last 14 years of its establishment.  It has been published by the contributors of over 80 world’s noted coauthors comprising political leaders, peace-harmony academia and Nobel Peace laureates from 25 countries which were led by Professor Leo Semashko, the pioneer of global harmony and the Founder of the GHA. It would further be appreciated if the coauthors could have included more references (of books) in their texts.

This amazing book is a must-read for all (social scientists to politicians, public figures, academia-researchers, policy-change makers, harmony searchers, peace-seekers, peacemakers and peacebuilders) who have a deep interest in conflict transformation by peaceful means. Therefore, Gandhica shall be the most powerful weapon to transform (change) war politics into the politics of nonviolence in future.

 

Published:

https://www.transcend.org/tms/2020/03/transformation-of-war-politics-to-politics-of-nonviolence/

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Bishnu Pathak is a Ph.D. holder in Conflict Management and Human Rights, and president and director of the Conflict Study Center. He is a Board Member of TRANSCEND International for Nepal and also a BM of the TRANSCEND Peace University. Besides writing the book Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal, he has published a number of research articles o­n issues related to Human Rights, UN, Security, Peace, Civil-Military Relations, Community Policing, and Federalism. A Nobel Peace Prize nominee, he had been working as a former senior commissioner at the Commission of Investigation o­n Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP), Nepal from February 2015-April 2019. He can be reached at ciedpnp@gmail.com.

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Dear Leo and Colleagues;

Greetings from Nepal!

Please link in https://www.transcend.org/tms/2020/03/transformation-of-war-politics-to-politics-of-nonviolence/ book review of Gandhica, published my TMS, just now.

Your comments are highly appreciated.

Thanking you.

Sincerely,

Bishnu

16-03-20

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